1. Wilson's 14th point said that a League of Nations would address problems between countries before they led to war.
2. The treaty affected Germany as it said that Germany would have no rights of negotiation.
3. By giving Germany no rights of negotiation, the United States was only angering Germany and was not doing anything constructive.
4. Lodge had objected to the tr34ty b3c4us3 it delayed Isolationism and could limit Congress's right to declare war.
5. He wouldn't compromise with the Republicans, and he was overcome by a serious illness.
6. Nationalism and the harassing of Germany could create fascism, therefore many Germans would come to support Hitler.
7. The French premier who was anti-German and part of the Big Four.
8. The British prime minister who was part of the Big four and used the slogan "Make Germany Pay".
9. Russia had dropped out of the war early, and was avoided by European Powers because it was controlled by a communist dynasty.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Friday, December 11, 2009
WWI - The War at Home
1. War Industries Board- The War Industries Board helped companies to increase productivity and profits.
2. Railroad Administration- The Railroad Administration controlled railroad industries and was related to the War Industries Board.
3. Fuel Administration- The Fuel Administration helped fuel producing companies to increase productivity and profits.
4. National War Labor Board- The National War Labor Board helped to improve working conditions, but the downside for the laborers was that they were forced to work or join the military
5. Food Administration- The Food Administration encouraged people to use food more efficiently, which helped farmers to increase sales.
6. Committee on Public Information- The Committee on Public Information was a propaganda agency. The CoPI was successful in disseminating the war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts- The Espionage and Sedition Acts limited free speech and the a break in these limitations would result in harsh punishment. Everyone was supportive of the war at the time, which caused the acts to remain uncontested.
Bernard M. Baruch was the head of the War Industries Board, making him a significant historical figure. His actions were the precendent of other agencies and laws such as the Railroad Administration, Food Administration, Fuel Administration, the National War Labor Board, and most likely a few others.
George Creel was the leader of the Committee on Public Information, which made him a significant historical figure, as the CoPI was helpful in promoting the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Because of him, America became militaristic and more imperialistic.
2. Railroad Administration- The Railroad Administration controlled railroad industries and was related to the War Industries Board.
3. Fuel Administration- The Fuel Administration helped fuel producing companies to increase productivity and profits.
4. National War Labor Board- The National War Labor Board helped to improve working conditions, but the downside for the laborers was that they were forced to work or join the military
5. Food Administration- The Food Administration encouraged people to use food more efficiently, which helped farmers to increase sales.
6. Committee on Public Information- The Committee on Public Information was a propaganda agency. The CoPI was successful in disseminating the war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts- The Espionage and Sedition Acts limited free speech and the a break in these limitations would result in harsh punishment. Everyone was supportive of the war at the time, which caused the acts to remain uncontested.
Bernard M. Baruch was the head of the War Industries Board, making him a significant historical figure. His actions were the precendent of other agencies and laws such as the Railroad Administration, Food Administration, Fuel Administration, the National War Labor Board, and most likely a few others.
George Creel was the leader of the Committee on Public Information, which made him a significant historical figure, as the CoPI was helpful in promoting the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Because of him, America became militaristic and more imperialistic.
Thursday, December 3, 2009
The U.S. enters World War I
1. The United States raised an army by means of the Selective Service Act, which forced all men who were qualified to enlist to enlist. Out of these men, not all of them were chosen, as they were chosen randomly. Black men and women were also allowed to volunteer.
2. The U.S. had played a role in keeping Germany out of Paris and turning the war around. Although the army was inexperienced, they were quite successful in doing so, helping them to win the war.
3. The estimated economic costs of the war was $338 billion.
4. There was an estimated 22 million deaths, with 11 million of those being civilians. There was approximately 20 million more injured and about 10 million refugees.
5. Armistice is when warring countries agree to stop fighting.
2. The U.S. had played a role in keeping Germany out of Paris and turning the war around. Although the army was inexperienced, they were quite successful in doing so, helping them to win the war.
3. The estimated economic costs of the war was $338 billion.
4. There was an estimated 22 million deaths, with 11 million of those being civilians. There was approximately 20 million more injured and about 10 million refugees.
5. Armistice is when warring countries agree to stop fighting.
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
World War I Begins
1. The four main causes of World War I were Militarism, the Alliance System, Imperialism, and Nationalism. Increased militarism was a cause as the major powers of Europe had built up great armies and had increased their stockpile in Europe. The race to gain overseas colonies known as Imperialism led to the heated competition and tension among European countries. Ethnic groups had banded together and became more nationalistic, each demanding their own independent nation, and this was known as Nationalism. Lastly, the Alliance System had been a large increaser of the war because if it weren't for alliances, the war would've only been between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, but because of the alliance system coutries such as Italy, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France, and Russia joined in on the fighting to give aid to their allies.
2. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife was a became a spark for World War I because Austria-Hungary thought it was absolute blasphemy to assassinate a king and, thinking that Serbia was way out of control, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
3. In the first few months of fighting, a few significant things had happened. One of those things was the enactment of the Schleiffen Plan, which was meant to stall Russia and go through Belgium and France. Austria-Hungrary and Germany planned for a quick war, but it did not end that way.
4. The United States's policy of isolationism kept them out of the war for a significant amount of time. The United States felt that they had no reason to join the war as they had nothing to fight for, so they decided not to join, as they would only lose lives and money.
5. Socialists opposed the US involvement in the war because they had thought it was the result of capitalism. Pacifists and parents were just opposed to all forms of war because of the death of relatives.
6. Germany responded to the British naval blockade of Germany's ports by sinking every ship in certain areas of the Pacific to gain some naval control. The US had responded to the blockade by protesting, negotiating, and soon after going to war.
7. Germany had attacked America which had forced them to go to war, as Germans had killed US passengers and persuading Mexico to go to war with the US.
2. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife was a became a spark for World War I because Austria-Hungary thought it was absolute blasphemy to assassinate a king and, thinking that Serbia was way out of control, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
3. In the first few months of fighting, a few significant things had happened. One of those things was the enactment of the Schleiffen Plan, which was meant to stall Russia and go through Belgium and France. Austria-Hungrary and Germany planned for a quick war, but it did not end that way.
4. The United States's policy of isolationism kept them out of the war for a significant amount of time. The United States felt that they had no reason to join the war as they had nothing to fight for, so they decided not to join, as they would only lose lives and money.
5. Socialists opposed the US involvement in the war because they had thought it was the result of capitalism. Pacifists and parents were just opposed to all forms of war because of the death of relatives.
6. Germany responded to the British naval blockade of Germany's ports by sinking every ship in certain areas of the Pacific to gain some naval control. The US had responded to the blockade by protesting, negotiating, and soon after going to war.
7. Germany had attacked America which had forced them to go to war, as Germans had killed US passengers and persuading Mexico to go to war with the US.
Thursday, November 19, 2009
America as a World Power
1. Roosevelt played the role of calming mediator between the two imperialist powers. With the help of Roosevelt, a fair deal was made betweeb Russia and Japan, resulting in peace.
2. America bought the project from the French for $40 million. The route allowed quick passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific through South America. America still had to deal with the Colombian government, who owned this land. The Colombian government denied access to the US, and the US organized a revolution, and then the canal was allowed to be built by the government of Panama.
3. The Roosevelt Corollary said that not only European powers should interfere with Latin America, but that America should therefore be the one to interfere.
4. Dollar Diplemency enforced the view that the US should hold influence over Latin American countries by giving America access to Nicaraguan banks and railroad systems in exchange for a loan to get them out of debt. This had angered the Nicaraguans, and the Roosevelt Corollary had sent in 2,000 marines to back Adolfo Diaz, the president of Nicaragua.
5. Wilson's philosophy of missionary diplomacy was a reason that Woodrow Wilson decided to invade Mexico, but there were also other reasons. He felt that he couldn't invade for only moral issues, so he waited for a legitimate reason to invade. Mexico had soon after arrested some US sailors, which is when Wilson decided to give imperialistic actions some thought. He decided later to invade Mexico, and the invasion began.
6. America had achieved multiple foreign policy goals around this time, and one of these was that the US achieved its responsibility to intervene with other powers. Roosevelt had showed this by the peace talks he had made to Russia and Japan. Another goal the US reached was that they were able to act as a world power, which they showed by adopting the ideas of a Roosevelt Corollary and mission diplomacy. A third goal America achieved was that the US was able to expand their power dramatically.
2. America bought the project from the French for $40 million. The route allowed quick passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific through South America. America still had to deal with the Colombian government, who owned this land. The Colombian government denied access to the US, and the US organized a revolution, and then the canal was allowed to be built by the government of Panama.
3. The Roosevelt Corollary said that not only European powers should interfere with Latin America, but that America should therefore be the one to interfere.
4. Dollar Diplemency enforced the view that the US should hold influence over Latin American countries by giving America access to Nicaraguan banks and railroad systems in exchange for a loan to get them out of debt. This had angered the Nicaraguans, and the Roosevelt Corollary had sent in 2,000 marines to back Adolfo Diaz, the president of Nicaragua.
5. Wilson's philosophy of missionary diplomacy was a reason that Woodrow Wilson decided to invade Mexico, but there were also other reasons. He felt that he couldn't invade for only moral issues, so he waited for a legitimate reason to invade. Mexico had soon after arrested some US sailors, which is when Wilson decided to give imperialistic actions some thought. He decided later to invade Mexico, and the invasion began.
6. America had achieved multiple foreign policy goals around this time, and one of these was that the US achieved its responsibility to intervene with other powers. Roosevelt had showed this by the peace talks he had made to Russia and Japan. Another goal the US reached was that they were able to act as a world power, which they showed by adopting the ideas of a Roosevelt Corollary and mission diplomacy. A third goal America achieved was that the US was able to expand their power dramatically.
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
Imperialism's Bitter Fruit
1. a) After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, fighting broke out between the American and Filipinos. This had started when an American soldier fired on a Filipino patrol that had refused to halt, 2 days before the Senate vote on the Treaty of Paris. For months, tension had been building up, and within hours of the shooting, fighting had spread to much of the area around Manila. The Filipinos had believed they were fighting for their independence, but they were not.
b) This was a different kind of warfare to American forces. Instead of confronting an organized army, U.S. soldiers had faced a quick-striking guerrilla movement. Both sides tortured and executed prisoners and committed other atrocities. The U.S. forced imprisoned almost the entire population of the island of Samara after guerrillas had wiped out an American garrison. American soldiers had also killed Filipino prisoners at random whenever an American soldier was killed.
2. African-Americans were strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists as two regiments of black volunteers were among the U.S. troops who fought in the conflict. Black officers were appointed to command the volunteers. At home, African-American leaders were at the forefront of the backlash against the war. Black soldiers were discriminated against during this war just as they had been in Cuba. Roughly 500 African-Americans living in the Philippines were killed during the fighting.
3. a) Scholars of this time warned that imperialism would increase war and conflict around the world.
b) Mark Twainm, America's most famous living writer at the time, used his biting irony and wit to ridicule the stance of the imperialists. He was among the most effective critics of imperialism.
4. Congress had made Puerto Rico a territory in 1917 and had granted its people U.S. citizenship. Under a formula crafted by the US State Department, Cuba was to receive independence only after accepting a number of limitations. Both of these were positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba.
5. a) The Platt Amendment had given the United States the right to oversee the Cuban economy.
b) The United States was also given the right to exercise veto power over Cuban foreign policy.
c) The United States could intervene whenever necessary "for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty".
d) Last, the United States was also allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of the island at Guantanamo Bay.
I don't think that America was justified in making these demands because the US is saying that they are giving Cuba their independence, but with all these limitations, I wouldn't even consider it independence.
6. Personally, I think that the United States was becoming imperialist, as they were continuing to gain power and extend their boundaries. The US had expanded overseas in the 1890s and beyond, acquiring Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. This provided US leaders with the opportunity they had been looking for to increase that power. The US had claimed to be bringing freedom and civilization to the islands, but they were rarely considering the interests and hopes of the inhabitants.
b) This was a different kind of warfare to American forces. Instead of confronting an organized army, U.S. soldiers had faced a quick-striking guerrilla movement. Both sides tortured and executed prisoners and committed other atrocities. The U.S. forced imprisoned almost the entire population of the island of Samara after guerrillas had wiped out an American garrison. American soldiers had also killed Filipino prisoners at random whenever an American soldier was killed.
2. African-Americans were strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists as two regiments of black volunteers were among the U.S. troops who fought in the conflict. Black officers were appointed to command the volunteers. At home, African-American leaders were at the forefront of the backlash against the war. Black soldiers were discriminated against during this war just as they had been in Cuba. Roughly 500 African-Americans living in the Philippines were killed during the fighting.
3. a) Scholars of this time warned that imperialism would increase war and conflict around the world.
b) Mark Twainm, America's most famous living writer at the time, used his biting irony and wit to ridicule the stance of the imperialists. He was among the most effective critics of imperialism.
4. Congress had made Puerto Rico a territory in 1917 and had granted its people U.S. citizenship. Under a formula crafted by the US State Department, Cuba was to receive independence only after accepting a number of limitations. Both of these were positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba.
5. a) The Platt Amendment had given the United States the right to oversee the Cuban economy.
b) The United States was also given the right to exercise veto power over Cuban foreign policy.
c) The United States could intervene whenever necessary "for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty".
d) Last, the United States was also allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of the island at Guantanamo Bay.
I don't think that America was justified in making these demands because the US is saying that they are giving Cuba their independence, but with all these limitations, I wouldn't even consider it independence.
6. Personally, I think that the United States was becoming imperialist, as they were continuing to gain power and extend their boundaries. The US had expanded overseas in the 1890s and beyond, acquiring Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. This provided US leaders with the opportunity they had been looking for to increase that power. The US had claimed to be bringing freedom and civilization to the islands, but they were rarely considering the interests and hopes of the inhabitants.
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